Basic pharmacology - medclarity.org

Basic Pharmacology includes :

Pharmacokinetics: absorption, bioavailability, distribution, clearance, half-life, steady state, first vs zero-order kinetics.
Pharmacodynamics: receptor types, agonists/antagonists, potency vs efficacy, dose–response curves, therapeutic index.
Drug Interactions: additive/synergistic/antagonistic effects, CYP450 inducers & inhibitors.
Pharmacogenomics: genetic variations affecting metabolism (e.g., G6PD, CYP2D6, NAT).
Drug Toxicity: therapeutic index, common toxicities, antidotes.
Autonomic Pharmacology: sympathetic vs parasympathetic drugs, cholinergic and adrenergic agonists/antagonists, organ effects.
Drug Development: preclinical studies, phases I–IV, FDA approval.
Other Basics: adverse drug reactions, tolerance, dependence, pregnancy drug safety categories.

Course Content

Enzymes
Pharmacokinetics — For enzymes 1- Michaelis–Menten Curve (Velocity vs Substrate Concentration) 2- Lineweaver–Burk Plot (Double Reciprocal Plot) 3- inhibitors types ( competitive vs non competitive )

Enzyme Kinetics

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Enzyme inhibitors

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Autonomic Pharmacology
You said: basics pharmacology contents in usmle ChatGPT said: Here’s a clear and structured outline of the Basic Pharmacology contents covered in USMLE Step 1 (and useful for IFOM too). These are the core foundations before studying each drug system: 🧠 I. General Principles of Pharmacology 1. Pharmacokinetics — What the body does to the drug Drug absorption (oral, IV, etc.) Bioavailability (F) Volume of distribution (Vd) Clearance (Cl) Half-life (t½) Steady-state concentration Loading and maintenance dose calculations First-order vs zero-order kinetics Drug accumulation and elimination curves 2. Pharmacodynamics — What the drug does to the body Mechanisms of drug action Receptor types (ion channels, GPCRs, enzymes, etc.) Agonists, partial agonists, antagonists (competitive vs noncompetitive) Potency vs efficacy Dose–response curves and therapeutic index Desensitization, tachyphylaxis, up/down regulation 3. Drug Interactions Additive, synergistic, and antagonistic effects Pharmacokinetic vs pharmacodynamic interactions Enzyme induction/inhibition (CYP450 system) Common inducers and inhibitors 4. Pharmacogenomics Genetic variations affecting metabolism (e.g., G6PD deficiency, N-acetyltransferase polymorphism) Clinical relevance (e.g., isoniazid, warfarin, codeine metabolism) 5. Drug Toxicity & Therapeutic Index Narrow vs wide therapeutic index Margin of safety Common toxicities and antidotes 🧬 II. Autonomic Pharmacology 1. ANS Overview Sympathetic vs parasympathetic systems Neurotransmitters (ACh, NE, Epi, DA) Receptors (α, β, M, N) and their effects on organs 2. Cholinergic Drugs Direct-acting agonists (bethanechol, pilocarpine) Indirect-acting agonists (neostigmine, physostigmine) Anticholinesterases Antimuscarinic agents (atropine, scopolamine, etc.) Toxicity: cholinergic crisis, organophosphate poisoning 3. Adrenergic Drugs α-agonists, β-agonists, mixed agonists α-blockers, β-blockers Clinical uses and side effects

Drug Toxicity & Therapeutic Index
Drug Toxicity & Therapeutic Index Narrow vs wide therapeutic index Margin of safety Common toxicities and antidotes

Systemic pharmacology overview
Systemic pharmacology overview : Autonomic Drugs: cholinergic & adrenergic agonists/antagonists, neuromuscular blockers. Cardiovascular Drugs: antihypertensives, antianginals, antiarrhythmics, heart failure drugs, diuretics. Renal Drugs: diuretics, electrolyte balance agents. CNS Drugs: anesthetics, sedatives, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, opioids, Parkinson’s drugs. Respiratory Drugs: bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, antihistamines. Gastrointestinal Drugs: acid reducers, laxatives, antiemetics, antidiarrheals. Endocrine Drugs: insulin, oral hypoglycemics, thyroid, corticosteroids, reproductive hormones. Antimicrobial Drugs: antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics, mechanisms & resistance. Hematologic Drugs: anticoagulants, antiplatelets, thrombolytics, hematopoietic agents. Chemotherapy: anticancer drug classes, mechanisms, toxicities. Immunopharmacology: immunosuppressants, immunostimulants, monoclonal antibodies. Toxicology: drug overdose management, heavy metal chelators, antidotes.

Dosage calculations

Drug metabolism

Elimination of drugs

pharmcodynamics

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